Švietimo reformos įgyvendinimas
Lietuvos Didžiąją Kunigaikštystę Švietimo idėjos pasiekė XVIII a. pab. Visuomenės švietimas, jos narių ugdymas, turėjo padėti kurti tobulesnę visuomenę, stiprinti valstybę. Švietėjai teigė, jog laisvas ir suinteresuotas dirbti valstietis gali kraštui duoti daug daugiau naudos už baudžiauninką. Pagrindinis švietėjų uždavinys buvo reformuoti visą švietimo sistemą. Jie pasisakė prieš vienuolių išlaikomas mokyklas ir siekė, kad švietimą remtų valstybė. Bažnyčioms buvo siūloma palikti tik tikybos mokymą. Jų nuomone, buvo nenatūralu, kad vaikus auklėjo vienuoliai, kurie buvo nutolę nuo aktualių valstybės reikalų. Švietimo reformos tikslas buvo mokyklą priartinti prie visuomenės gyvenimo. 1773 m. popiežiui panaikinus jėzuitų ordiną, Lietuvoje buvo įsteigta Edukacinė komisija. Tai buvo pirmoji Europoje pasaulietinė švietimo įstaiga. Edukacinė komisija tvarkė visas mokyklas ir stengėsi įvesti vieningą švietimo sistemą. 7-12 m. vaikams Edukacinė komisija bandė įvesti privalomą pradžios mokslą. Tačiau pradžios mokyklų steigimas ir jų išlaikymas liko parapijų ir vienuolynų žinioje. Pradžios mokyklose valstiečių vaikai mokėsi gimtąja kalba. Daugiausiai dėmesio Edukacinė komisija skyrė vidurinėms ir aukštosioms mokykloms, kuriose įvesti gamtos ir tikslieji mokslai. Mokomoji lotynų kalba buvo pakeista lenkų kalba. Tačiau lietuviškų vidurinių mokyklų kūrinio klausimas nebuvo svarstomas. Lietuvių kalba buvo laikoma netinkama mokslui – deranti tik baudžiauninkams.
Vilniaus universitetas – LDK Vyriausioji mokykla
1781 m. Vilniaus universitetas buvo pavadintas LDK Vyriausiąja mokykla, kurioje buvo trys fakultetai: Moralės, Fizikos ir Medicinos. Vyriausioje mokykloje daug dėmesio buvo skiriama gamtos mokslų ir medicinos mokymui. Joje veikė gerai įrengtos laboratorijos ir kabinetai. Rektoriaus Martyno Počobuto iniciatyva buvo perstatyta Vilniaus observatorija. Ji buvo aprūpinta moderniais prietaisais, sukaupta didžiulė biblioteka. Vyriausioje mokykloje studentai buvo mokomi I. Niutono fizikos, supažindinami su M. Koperniko atradimais. Teisininkas Jeronimas Stroinovskis savo paskaitose kritikavo feodalinės teisės pagrindus. Jis teigė, kad baudžiavinė valstiečių priklausomybė yra smurto padarinys ir todėl žalinga visuomenei. Edukacinės komisijos prašymu, prancūzų švietėjas de Kondijakas parašė logikos vadovėlį, kuris iki XIX a. pr. buvo naudojamas Lenkijos ir Lietuvos mokyklose. Vyriausioje mokykloje dirbo pasaulinio garso mokslininkai. Vokiečių keliautojas, gamtininkas Johanas Georgas Forsteris, dalyvavęs antrojoje Dž. Kuko kelionėje aplink pasaulį, dėstė botaniką, zoologiją, paleontologiją. Prancūzų botanikas Žanas Emanuelis Žiliberas dėstė gamtos mokslus. Jo rūpesčiu Vilniuje buvo įsteigtas pirmasis Lietuvoje botanikos sodas. Nors vyriausioje mokykloje daug dėmesio buvo skiriama fizikos, matematikos, gamtos mokslams, tačiau ji ir toliau liko humanitarinės krypties mokymo įstaiga.
Klasicizmas dailėje ir architektūroje
XVIII a. Europoje įsivyravo klasicizmo stilius. Jis susiformavo Prancūzijoje ir buvo priešingybė ištaigingajam barokui. Klasicizmui būdingas paprastumas, linijų griežtumas. Pastatų didingumo įspūdis buvo pasiekiamas simetriniu išplanavimu, saikingu dekoravimu. Klasicizmo stiliaus architektai rėmėsi senovės Graikijos ir Romos architektūra. XVIII a. pab. Lietuvos architektūroje susiformavo savita klasicizmo mokykla. Jos raidai didelę reikšmę turėjo 1793 m. Vyriausioje mokykloje įsteigta Architektūros katedra, kuriai vadovavo Laurynas Stuoka-Gucevičius. Jis suprojektavo Verkių rūmų ansamblį, Vilniaus katedrą ir rotušę. L. Stuoka-Gucevičius pirmasis Lietuvoje atskleidė pagrindinį klasicizmo architektūros principą – pastato grožis ir didingumas pasiekiamas ne puošyba, o dalių ir visumos darna. Lietuvoje klasicizmo stilius plito ir tapyboje. Jo pradininku ir žymiausiu atstovu laikomas Pranciškus Smuglevičius. Nuo 1797 m. jis vadovavo universiteto piešimo ir tapybos katedrai. P. Smuglevičius tapė istorinius paveikslus, portretus ir dekoracijas, vaizdavo savo krašto gamtą, scenas iš valstiečių gyvenimo. Jo kūryba padarė didelę įtaką tolimesnei lietuvių dailės raidai.
Pasaulietinės lietuvių grožinės literatūros atsiradimas
XVIII a. pr., veikiant švietėjiškoms idėjoms, atsirado ir pasaulietinės lietuvių literatūros. Jos pradininkai yra Karaliaučiaus universiteto auklėtiniai Johanas Šulcas ir Kristijonas Donelaitis. J. Šulcas į lietuvių kalbą išvertė ir 1706 m. išleido “Ezopo pasakėčias” – pirmąją pasaulietinę lietuvišką knygą. Grožinei lietuvių literatūrai pradžią davė K. Donelaitis. Garsiojoje savo poemoje “Metai” K. Donelaitis pavaizdavo būrų (valstiečių baudžiauninkų) gyvenimą, jų džiaugsmus ir rūpesčius. Poetas gynė nacionalinį lietuvninkų orumą, peikė nutautėjimą, tačiau ragino iš svetimtaučių perimti gerąsias jų savybes. Be to, skatino siekti žinių, sudrausmino būrus, nenoriai leidžiančius savo vaikus į “šiuiles” (mokyklas), mokė darbštumo, gyventi taip, “kaip krikščionims reik”. Šios K. Donelaičio pažiūros, išsakytos „Metuose“, buvo artimos švietimo pasaulėžiūrai.
Klausimai
- Kaip XVIII a. pab. Lietuvoje buvo reformuota švietimo sistema?
- Kokią reikšmę švietimo pertvarkymui turėjo Edukacinė komisija?
- Kokie įžymūs mokslininkai dirbo Vyriausioje mokykloje?
- Kuo klasicizmo stilius skyrėsi nuo baroko?
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