Pokyčiai ūkio raidoje
Baudžiavos panaikinimas ir valstiečių reforma sudarė palankesnes sąlygas vystytis ūkiui. Lietuvos dvaruose įsivyravo laisvai samdomas darbas. Dalis dvarininkų ėmė nuomoti žemę. Nuoma daugiausiai paplito Vilniaus gubernijoje. Tobulėjo žemės dirbimo technika. Dvaruose pagrindiniu arimo padargu tapo plūgas, kūlimo – arklinės ir garinės kuliamosios. Tačiau valstiečių ūkiuose technika buvo sena, o patys ūkiai smulkūs (10-30 ha dydžio).
Nuo 8-ojo dešimtmečio pradžios ėmė kilti pramonė. Ypač ji išaugo XIX a. paskutiniame dešimtmetyje. 1899 m. veikė 1426 įmonės (be malūnų), kuriose dirbo 13,2 tūkst. darbininkų. Daugiausiai jų susitelkė Vilniuje, Kaune, Šiauliuose. Didžiausi miestai, ypač Vilnius, buvo ir smulkiosios gamybos židiniai. Vilniuje klestėjo amatai ir prekyba. Prekių apyvarta jame buvo šešis kartus didesnė negu visuose Lietuvos miestuose kartu paėmus. Vilnius garsėjo odų ir kailių dirbtuvėmis, odinių pirštinių ir avalynės siuvyklomis, kojinių ir trikotažo gaminių mezgyklomis, auksakalyste. Vilniaus odos dirbiniai plito po visą Rusiją. Jie buvo kokybiški ir todėl turėjo didelę paklausą. Visoje imperijoje buvo vertinami ir Vilniaus trikotažo gaminiai. Kaune steigėsi mašinų gamybos, metalo, medžio apdirbimo, chemijos, poligrafijos, tabako įmonės. Šiame mieste geras sąlygas plėtotis turėjo medžio apdirbimo pramonė, nes miško medžiaga buvo nesunkiai atplukdoma Nemunu ir Nerimi. Upių pakrantėse kūrėsi lentpjūvės, o. jų paruoštą medieną naudojo Kauno baldų fabrikai.
Pramonės raidą spartino geležinkelių tiesimas. Geležinkeliai padėjo išplėtoti ekonominius ryšius ir turėjo lemiamą įtaką pramonės centrų išsidėstymui. Prie Vilniaus ir Kauno buvo iškasti pirmieji Rusijos imperijos tuneliai. Be kitų, juos projektavo ir Stanislovas Kerbedis, gabumais, talentu išgarsėjęs toli už gimtinės Lietuvos – buvo garsus tuometinės Rusijos imperijos ir net Europos kelių inžinierius, tiltų konstruktorius ir statytojas.
Lietuva priklausė nepramoninei Rusijos imperijos daliai. Rusų valdžia neskatino čia kurti sunkiosios pramonės ir strateginiais sumetimais. Kita vertus, Lietuvoje tokiai pramonei nebuvo žaliavų. Didelių Rusijos pramonės centrų konkurencija kliudė Lietuvoje plėtotis lengvajai pramonei. Todėl krašte daugiau steigėsi mažų fabrikų ir amatininkų dirbtuvių. Iki devinto dešimtmečio pabaigos dauguma darbininkų telkėsi įmonėse, kuriose dirbo iki 50 žmonių. Amžiaus pabaigoje apie 3/4 visų darbininkų jau dirbo įmonėse, turinčiose daugiau negu 50 žmonių.
Kapitalizmo raida iš esmės pakeitė Lietuvos visuomenės struktūrą, luominį ir tautinį jos gyventojų susiskirstymą. Tai liudija 1897 m. gyventojų surašymo duomenys. Iš viso Lietuvoje tada gyveno apie 2,7 mln. žmonių, iš jų 87,3% -kaimuose ir miesteliuose, 12,7% – miestuose. Krašto gyventojų daugumą sudarė lietuviai, toliau – žydai, lenkai, gudai, rusai, vokiečiai, latviai, ukrainiečiai.
Miestų raida ir jos ypatybės
Lietuvos miestuose daugiausiai gyveno kitataučiai: lietuviai tesudarė nedidelę visų gyventojų dalį. Dauguma miestiečių buvo žydai, sudarę ir miestelių gyventojų daugumą. Valstiečių į miestus kėlėsi nedaug.
Dauguma Lietuvos pramonininkų buvo žydai. Draudimas verstis žemės ūkiu pastūmėjo žydus į amatus ir prekybą. Dalis pramonės įmonių savininkų ir miestiečių buvo lenkai. Lietuvių pramonininkų pradėjo rastis tik XIX a. pab.-XX a. pr. Vienas žymesnių lietuvių pramonininkų buvo Petras Vileišis.
Kapitalizmo raida keitė miestų vaizdą. Juos reikėjo geriau sutvarkyti: grįsti gatves, jas apšviesti, gyventojus ir pramonės įmones aprūpinti vandeniu. 1864 m. Vilniuje buvo pastatytas dujų fabrikas, iš medžio trinkelių ir pjuvenų gaminantis buitines dujas. Kaune 1898 m. pradėjo veikti pirmoji elektrinė. Šio miesto transporto naujovė buvo arklių traukiamas tramvajus, ėmęs veikti 1892 m. Krašte imta tiesti telegrafo linijas, atsirado telefonas. Pirmoji telefono linija Rietavas-Palanga buvo nutiesta 1892 m. Rietave pradėjo veikti ir pirmoji Lietuvos elektrinė. Tai buvo didelis kunigaikščių Oginskių nuopelnas.
Kaimo ir dvaro santykiai
Kaimas ir dvaras buvo du skirtingi pasauliai: kaimas – lietuviškas, o dvaras – dažniausiai sulenkėjęs arba lenkiškas, rusiškas ar vokiškas. Pirmaisiais dešimtmečiais po baudžiavos panaikinimo valstiečiai su dvarininkais nesutarė labiau negu su rusų valdžia. Naujo kapitalistinio ūkininkavimo pradinius sunkumus dvarininkai stengėsi suversti valstiečiams. Jie kėsinosi į valstiečių ganyklas ir kitas bendrai naudojamas žemes. Valstiečiai priešinosi dvarininkams, pastarieji į pagalbą kvietėsi policiją, o kartais net kariuomenę. Nesantarvės priežastis buvo žemė. Valstiečiai norėjo gauti visas žemes ir naudmenas, kuriomis nuolatos naudojosi iki baudžiavos panaikinimo.
Ekonominiai ryšiai
Lietuva sausumos keliais ir per Liepojos, Rygos, Klaipėdos uostus apsirūpindavo trūkstamomis pramonės prekėmis iš Rusijos, Vokietijos ir Anglijos. Ekonominius ryšius suaktyvino geležinkelių nutiesimas. Vietos geležinkeliais buvo galima susisiekti su Vokietijos geležinkeliais. Iš Rusijos buvo atgabenama medvilnės audinių, gelumbės, smulkių geležies dirbinių, bėgių, žibalo, akmens anglies, cukraus, tabako. Iš užsienio buvo atvežama mašinų ir pramonės įrenginių, neišdirbtos odos, metalo, anglies, druskos, silkės, vyno, vaistų.
Lietuvos pramonės produkcija – papirosai, išdirbta oda, rūbai, pirštinės, kojinės, baldai, avalynė – buvo parduodama ne tik savo krašte, bet ir tolimiausiose Rusijos gubernijose.
Tuo metu grūdų eksportas mažėjo. Kaip ir anksčiau, linų pluošto ir sėmenų buvo daug išvežama į Angliją. Linus auginantys rajonai eksportuodavo daugiau kaip pusę derliaus. Buvo eksportuojami pieno produktai (sūris – į Vokietiją, sviestas – į Angliją). Vokietija daugiausiai pirkdavo žąsis.
Klausimai
- Kas spartino kapitalizmo raidą žemės ūkyje, pramonėje ir amatuose?
- Kodėl krašte nebuvo vystoma sunkioji pramonė?
- Remdamiesi vadovėlio tekstu ir lentelėmis, apibūdinkite Lietuvos luominę ir tautinę sudėtį.
- Su kuriomis Europos šalimis Lietuva palaikė ekonominius ryšius?
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