Svarbiausios tarptautinės organizacijos sukūrimas
1941 m. rugpjūčio 14 d. JAV prezidentas F. Ruzveltas ir Didžiosios Britanijos ministras pirmininkas V. Čerčilis pasirašė Atlanto chartiją, kurioje kalbama apie kolektyvinio saugumo sistemos sukūrimą ir taikos išsaugojimą pasibaigus karui. 1942 m. sausio 1 d. Vašingtone 26 valstybės, kariavusios su Vokietija, paskelbė Jungtinių Tautų deklaraciją, bet lemiami svarstymai dėl JTO įkūrimo vyko tik 1945 m.
1945 m. balandžio 25-birželio 26 d. San Francisko konferencijoje, kurioje dalyvavo 51 valstybė, buvo priimtas JTO Statutas. Valstybių įkūrėjų vyriausybėms jį ratifikavus, 1945 m. spalio 24 d. Statutas įsigaliojo. Nuo tada ši diena pasaulyje yra švenčiama kaip JTO diena.
JTO paskirtis – palaikyti tarptautinę taiką ir saugumą, plėtoti draugiškus tautų santykius, tarptautinį bendradarbiavimą sprendžiant ekonominio, socialinio, kultūrinio, humanitarinio pobūdžio problemas, ugdyti ir skatinti pagarbą žmogaus teisėms ir laisvėms, būti centru, derinančiu tautų veiksmus siekiant šių bendrų tikslų. Visi JT nariai yra suverenūs ir lygūs, tarptautiniuose santykiuose negrasina jėga, jos nenaudoja ir ginčus sprendžia taikiais būdais.
Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijai 2003 m. priklausė 191 narys. Lietuva, Latvija ir Estija JTO narėmis tapo 1991 m. rugsėjo 17 d.
Kai abi konfliktuojančios pusės sutinka, Saugumo Taryba gali pasiųsti JT stebėtojus – taikos palaikymo dalinius, kurie kontroliuoja, kaip laikomasi paliaubų, kariuomenės atsitraukimą, teikia humanitarinę pagalbą. Taikos palaikymo daliniai 1964 m. Kipre sėkmingai sutrukdė ir sustabdė kovas tarp graikų ir turkų.
Taikos palaikymo daliniai dažnai vadinami „Žydraisiais šalmais“. Jie ginkluoti lengvaisiais ginklais, bet gali juos panaudoti tik savigynai. Taikos tarnyboje nuo 1948 m. dalyvavo daugiau kaip 650 tūkst. kariškių ir civilių. 1988 m. „Žydriesiems šalmams“ paskirta Nobelio taikos premija. Iki 1994 m. rugpjūčio mėn. palaikant taiką pasaulyje žuvo 961 „Žydrųjų šalmų“ karys.
Saugumo Taryba, siekdama sustabdyti agresorius ir atkurti taiką, gali imtis ekonominių sankcijų (pvz., 1977 m. prieš PAR, 1990 m. prieš Iraką) arba panaudoti jėgą. Saugumo Taryba karinę jėgą leido panaudoti tik 3 kartus: 1950 m. Korėjoje, 1960 m. Konge ir 1991 m. Kuveite.
Žmogaus teisių gynimas
1948 m. gruodžio 10 d. Paryžiuje Generalinė Asamblėja paskelbė Visuotinę žmogaus teisių deklaraciją. Deklaracija skelbia, kad žmogaus teisės, nepaisant rasės, lyties, kalbos, religijos, politinių įsitikinimų, yra gerbtinos, ir turi būti garantuota, „… kad jos bus visuotinai ir tikrai pripažįstamos ir taikomos…“.
Deklaracija skelbia, kad žmogus turi teisę į gyvybę, kad niekas negali jo kankinti, visi yra lygūs prieš įstatymą, niekas negali būti paverstas vergu, žmogus turi teisę į pilietybę, žodžio ir tikėjimo laisvę, teisę į darbą, mokslą, teisę į gyvenamąjį būstą ir t.t. JTO daug nuveikė, kad šios teisės būtų visuotinai gerbiamos.
Kiekvienas žmogus privalo žinoti savo teises ir turėti galimybę apskųsti jų pažeidėjus. Žmogaus teisių apsauga ir gynimu rūpinasi nevyriausybinė organizacija „Tarptautinė amnestija“. Ji stebi, kaip laikomasi žmogaus teisių pasaulio šalyse, renka informaciją ir ją pateikia JTO žmogaus teisių komisijai.
Dažnai pažeidinėjamos pabėgėlių teisės. JTO duomenimis, 1995 m. buvo apie 20 mln. pabėgėlių ir apie 25 mln. persikėlusių asmenų. XX a. pabaigoje pabėgėlių problema tapo pasaulinė. Apie 80 proc. visų pabėgėlių sudaro moterys ir vaikai. Dažnai pabėgėliai metų metams lieka stovyklose, kur jiems teikiama medicinos, materialinė ir kitokia pagalba. Pabėgėlių reikalais rūpinasi prie JT įsteigta Vyriausiojo komisaro valdyba pabėgėlių reikalams.
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JTO buvo sukurta, kad apsaugotų būsimas kartas nuo karo ir užtikrintų taiką ir saugumą pasaulyje. Pasaulinės problemos, egzistavusios nuo 1945 m., niekur neišnyko. JT pripažino, kad dažnos ginkluotų konfliktų priežastys yra rasizmas, žmogaus teisių pažeidinėjimai, socialinė ir ekonominė nelygybė. Kai kuriuos konfliktus (pvz., Kambodžoje 1990 m.) pavyko sustabdyti, bet atsirado naujų konfliktų kituose regionuose. PAR buvo likviduotas apartheidas, bet persekiojimai ir etninė neapykanta egzistuoja kitose pasaulio valstybėse. Trečiojo pasaulio šalyse augo gamyba, bet 1 mlrd. žmonių (20 proc. pasaulio gyventojų) nuolat jaučia bado grėsmę. XX a. pabaigos demografinis sprogimas Trečiojo pasaulio šalyse daro poveikį aplinkai, didina skurdą, skirtumas tarp turtingųjų ir neturtingųjų vis didėja. Gyventojų skaičiaus augimas neleidžia pakelti didžiosios visuomenės dalies gyvenimo lygio, sumažinti atsilikimo nuo pažengusių šalių. 3/4 visų JT pastangų skiriama skurdui pasaulyje likviduoti. Pagal JTO strategiją, turtingos šalys turi skirti 0,7 proc. savo BVP šiai problemai spręsti, bet tik nedaugelis šalių prie to prisideda.
JTO kuria švietimo, sveikatos apsaugos, ekonominės raidos pagreitinimo ir kreditų suteikimo programas, visų pirma skirtas Trečiojo pasaulio šalims.
Daug dėmesio sutelkiama į gamtos, aplinkos užterštumą, bet padėtis negerėja. JTO veiklos sėkmė priklauso nuo narių požiūrio, kaip remti ir finansuoti šias iniciatyvas: ar bus išsaugota mūsų planeta, ar tik bus pagerintos sanitarinės sąlygos. 1992 m. Rio de Žaneire įvykusioje konferencijoje, skirtoje gamtos ir aplinkos apsaugai, jos užterštumui, buvo priimtos konvencijos, raginančios sumažinti atmosferos teršimą ir išsaugoti miškus.
Didelė problema – valstybių narių įnašai į JTO biudžetą. 1994 m. jų skola JT biudžetui siekė 1 mlrd. dolerių. Vienos šalys sulaiko savo mokesčio įnašą, kitos moka ne visą sumą (JAV įnašas – 25 proc. viso JT biudžeto). Dėl to JTO turi finansinių sunkumų ir yra stumiamos į ilgalaikę finansinę krizę.
Klausimai
- Paaiškinkite, kodėl buvo sukurta JTO.
- Paaiškinkite, kokias galimybes turi JTO išsaugant taiką.
- Kas yra „ Žydrieji šalmai”? Trumpai apibūdinkite ją funkcijas.
- Ką žinote apie lietuvių dalyvavimą JTO taikos palaikymo pajėgose?
- Paaiškinkite, kodėl žmonės emigruoja iš savo Tėvynės. Ką apie tai žinote?
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