Ekonominė situacija po karo. Technikos ir gamybos pažanga
Pasibaigus Pirmajam pasauliniam karui karinių užsakymų nebuvo, sumažėjo užsienio prekybos apimtys. Tad 1920-1921 m. pramonės gamyba smuko, labai padaugėjo bedarbių. Tiktai 1923 m. Europoje baigėsi pokario suirutė. Prasidėjo klestėjimo laikotarpis.
Sparčiai augo Vokietijos ir Prancūzijos gamyba, kurioje ligi karo vyravo lengvoji pramonė. 3-iąjį XX a. dešimtmetį didėjo plieno, elektros energijos, aliuminio, automobilių ir lėktuvų gamyba. Italijoje plėtojosi sunkioji, chemijos ir karo pramonė. Sąstingio negalėjo įveikti Didžioji Britanija. Bet ir joje išaugo elektrotechnikos, chemijos, automobilių gamyba. Bendra pramonės produkcijos apimtis Didžiojoje Britanijoje 1929 m. vos siekė prieškario lygį. O Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose tais metais buvo gaminama 70 proc., Prancūzijoje – 43 proc. daugiau nei 1913 m.
Apskritai 1924-1929 m. Vakarų Europos pramonės produkcijos gamyba, pritaikius naują techniką, pastebimai išaugo. 3-iąjį XX a. dešimtmetį Vakaruose sparčiai plėtojosi technika, daug kur buvo pritaikomi išradimai bei patobulinimai. Svarbiausi tuometinės technikos ir gamybos raidos ypatumai buvo tokie:
• vyko sparti elektrifikacija, pereita nuo garo mašinų prie elektros traukos; vietoje mažų elektros jėgainių buvo statomos milžiniškos šiluminės elektrinės ir hidroelektrinės; elektros motorų taikymas visiškai pakeitė fabrikus ir gamyklų cechus;
• vidaus degimo varikliai vis labiau buvo naudojami transporte, žemės ūkyje ir karyboje (automobiliams, lėktuvams, traktoriams, tankams);
• žemės ūkio darbai buvo mechanizuojami – naudojami traktoriai, kombainai ir kitos mašinos;
• nauji metalai ir lydiniai, ypač aliuminis, buvo taikomi įvairių mašinų, įrengimų ir prietaisų gamybai;
• vis dažniau pramonėje ir žemės ūkyje buvo naudojama chemija; pradėta gaminti dirbtinį pluoštą, plastmases, kitus sintetinius dirbinius bei mineralines trąšas;
• labai padaugėjo automobilių transporto, išaugo automobilių pramonė;
• atsirado galimybė vis didesniam gyventojų skaičiui naudotis telefonais, radijo aparatais, lankyti kino teatrus, įsigyti anksčiau visiškai neregėtų namų apyvokos reikmenų: šaldytuvų, skalbimo mašinų, dulkių siurblių; 4-ąjį dešimtmetį Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, Italijoje, Didžiojoje Britanijoje ir Vokietijoje pradėtos rodyti pirmosios televizijos laidos, bet paplito televizija po Antrojo pasaulinio karo.
Didžioji 1929-1933 m. krizė
1929 m. spalio pabaigoje Niujorko biržoje smarkiai krito akcijų kursas. Vėliau tai pasikartojo ir kitose pasaulio biržose. Prasidėjo pasaulinė ekonomikos krizė. 1929-1933 m. krizę patyrė visos be išimties pasaulio šalys. Katastrofiškai sumažėjo pramonės gamyba. 1932 m. jos apimtis kapitalistinėse valstybėse buvo 36 proc. mažesnė nei 1929 m., Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose ji tesudarė 54 proc., Vokietijoje – 53 proc., Didžiojoje Britanijoje – 83 proc. ir Prancūzijoje – 73 proc. 1929 m. lygio.
Žemės ūkio gamyba nusmuko kone trečdaliu. Nusigyvendavo ir bankrutuodavo pramonininkai, prekybininkai ir amatininkai. Didelių sunkumų patyrė ir bankininkai bei dvarininkai. Smarkiai padaugėjo žmonių, netekusių darbo ir niekaip negalinčių jo rasti. Bedarbiai netgi pažengusiose Vakarų valstybėse gaudavo tik labai menkas pašalpas, jie ir jų šeimos badavo.
Pragaištingiausia krizė apėmė Vokietiją ir Jungtines Amerikos Valstijas. Blogiausia padėtis buvo Vokietijoje, kur jau 1930 m. bedarbių skaičius siekė 5 mln., o 1932 m. – 7,5 mln.
Krizė pramoninėse valstybėse skaudžiai paveikė mažiau pažengusias Europos, Azijos, Lotynų Amerikos šalis. Smarkiai sumažėjo jų žemės ūkio gaminių ir žaliavų eksportas, valstiečiai visai negalėdavo parduoti savo produktų arba gaudavo už juos menką kainą, užsidarė daug kasyklų, įmonių. Pajamų iš eksporto sumažėjimas vertė mažinti importą.
Vyriausybių priemonės krizei įveikti
Klestėjimo metais JAV vyriausybė beveik visiškai nesikišo į ūkinį gyvenimą, nes ten vyravo nuomonė, kad rinka ūkį puikiai reguliuoja pati. Vakarų Europos šalyse padėtis šiek tiek skyrėsi. Ten Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais valstybės reguliavo ūkinius ir socialinius santykius. Dalis šio reguliavimo išliko ir pasibaigus karui. Vakarų Europos šalyse veikė valstybinė socialinio draudimo sistema (senatvės ir nedarbingumo pensijos, pašalpos bedarbiams).
Didžioji 1929-1933 m. krizė rodė, kad kapitalizmas nebegali išsilaikyti „privačios iniciatyvos laisvės“ pagrindu. Išeitis galėjo būti tik valstybinis ekonomikos ir socialinių santykių reguliavimas – etatizmas. Krizės metais įvairūs valstybinio reguliavimo būdai jau buvo taikomi visose Vakarų šalyse.
Valdžia primetė verslininkams antikrizinių priemonių programą. Valstybės lėšomis buvo finansuojami didelio masto viešieji darbai: aplinkos tvarkymas, kanalų gilinimas ir valymas, kelių tiesimas. Viešieji darbai daugeliui bedarbių tapo pragyvenimo šaltiniu. Atlyginimas, tiesa, buvo menkas. Valstybė įvedė kainų bei darbo užmokesčio kontrolę. Etatizmas ryžtingai buvo plečiamas Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose 1932 m. prezidentu išrinkus F. Ruzveltą.
1933-1934 m. ir kitose krizės apimtose šalyse padėtis pradėjo gerėti. Didėjo investicijos, gamyba, mažėjo nedarbas. Tiesa, pramonės augimo tempai po krizės buvo lėti. Pasaulio pramonės gamyba 1937 m. tik 2,5 proc. praaugo 1929 m. lygį.
Gyvenimo sąlygos pramoninėse valstybėse
Tarpukario metais pramoninėse valstybėse darbininkų ir tarnautojų darbo užmokestis lyginant su ikikariniais metais išaugo nedaug. Labiau JAV, mažiau Vakarų Europos šalyse. Gyvenimo sąlygos keitėsi dėl technikos pažangos, naujų vartojimo prekių pasirodymo rinkose. Gerėjo buities sąlygos, prie naujų statomų daugiabučių namų buvo prijungiami vandentiekio ir kanalizacijos tinklai, įrengiamas centrinis šildymas. Miestuose visiems prieinama pramoga tapo kinas, vis daugiau gyventojų įsigydavo radijo ir fotoaparatus.
Smarkiai daugėjo lengvųjų automobilių. Europoje jie dar buvo prabangos prekė, o JAV automobilius pirkdavo ir gerai apmokami kvalifikuoti darbininkai.
Krizės metais labai sunkiai vertėsi bedarbiai, tačiau kaip tik tada kai kuriose šalyse buvo priimti nauji socialinio aprūpinimo įstatymai, padidintos pašalpos netekusiems darbo. Tai pagerino labiausiai nepasiturinčių gyventojų padėtį.
Klausimai
- Apibūdinkite Europos šalių ir JAV ekonomikos būklę pokario metais.
- Kaip pasireiškė didžioji ekonominė krizė?
- Kokiomis priemonėmis buvo mėginta įveikti krizę įvairiose pramoninėse valstybėse?
- Kaip pasikeitė žmonių gyvenimas tarpukariu? Kokių žinote tada atsiradusių transporto, ryšių, buities naujovių?
Amerikiečių ekonomisto Dž. K. Gelbreito mintys apie didžiosios krizės (depresijos) mastą ir jos kilimo bei raidos mechanizmą
Egzistuoja nuomonė, kad didžioji depresija ligi šiol tebėra svarbiausias šimtmečio įvykis, bent jau amerikiečiams. Nė vienas iš abiejų pasaulinių karų neturėjo panašaus poveikio tokiai daugybei žmonių. Atominės energijos panaudojimas <…> turėjo dar mažesnės reikšmės. Skridimas į Mėnuli lyginant su depresija buvo mažareikšmis įvykis. Tiktai nedaugeliui tų. kurie ją išgyveno ji nepaliko sąmonėje gilių pėdsakų. <…>
3-iojo dešimtmečio pabaigos spekuliacija biržoje ir jos žlugimas iš tikrųjų turėjo esminę reikšmę. <…> Klestėjimo tvarumas priklausė nuo didelių verslininkų investicijų ir nuo turtingųjų vartojimo išlaidų Krachas biržoje reiškė mirtiną smūgi ir vienam, ir kitam. Kada akcijų kursas ėmė katastrofiškai kristi, investuotojų atsargumas labai padidėjo. Rimtos įmonės pradėjo kaitalioti savo investicinius planus <…> Smarkiai sumažėjo ir vartojimo išlaidos. Tie, kurie iki spalio menesio išleisdavo akcijų pajamas, dabar jų jau nebeturėjo. Daugelis tų, kurie nepatyrė nuostolių, nutarė elgtis taip, tarsi ir jiems taip atsitiko. Ekonomikoje ligi spalio audros neigiamų reiškinių buvo nedaug. Per kelias savaites po jos krizė įgavo griaunamąjį pobūdį.
- Kaip krizę ir jos kilimo mechanizmą aiškina teksto autorius?
Valstybių dalies pasaulio pramonės gamyboje kaita 1913-1938 m.
1. Kokius dėsningumus galima pastebėti lyginant 1913, 1928-1929 ir 1936-1938 metų rodiklius?
2. Kada JAV santykiškai turėjo didesnę ekonominę galią – prieš krizę ar jai pasibaigus?
Lietuvos užsienio prekyba tarpukariu
1. Apibūdinkite Lietuvos užsienio prekybos ryšį su pasaulio ūkio raida.
2. Pasiremdami grafiku apibūdinkite Lietuvos užsienio prekybos raidą, importo ir eksporto balansą. Kaip vertinate tą faktą kad Lietuvos eksportas beveik visą laiką viršydavo importą?
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