Lietuva pirmojo pasaulinio karo pradžioje
Kai Vokietija paskelbė karą Rusijai, rusų kariuomenė buvo telkiama Lietuvos – Vokietijos pasienyje. Lietuvoje buvo vykdoma skubota mobilizacija, pradėti rekvizuoti arkliai ir vežimai, o svarbiausia – maistas, reikalingas kariuomenei.
Netrukus prasidėjo ir karo veiksmai. Per Lietuvą Rusijos kariuomenė traukė į Prūsiją. Rugpjūčio pab. Rusijos kariuomenė įsiveržė į Rytprūsius, bet patyrė didelį pralaimėjimą. Rytprūsiuose buvo apsuptos ir sunaikintos dvi rusų armijos. Tos tragedijos metu Rytprūsiuose ir Mozūrų pelkėse žuvo daug kareivių iš Lietuvos. Rusijos kariuomenėje buvo per 60 tūkst. lietuvių. Įvairiose Lietuvos pasienio vietose vyko Rusijos ir Vokietijos kariuomenių susirėmimai.
1915 m., patyrusi pralaimėjimą Prūsijoje, Rusijos kariuomenė ėmė trauktis iš Lietuvos. Netrukus svarbesnės įmonės, valdžios įstaigos, vidurinės mokyklos buvo pradėtos evakuoti į Rusijos gilumą. Apie 300 tūkst. Lietuvos gyventojų pasitraukė drauge su rusų kariuomene arba buvo jos prievarta išsivaryti. Pabėgėliai lietuviai didelėmis kolonijomis įsikūrė įvairiose Rusijos vietovėse, daugiausia Voroneže, Tambove, Jaroslavlyje, Petrograde, Maskvoje.
Vokietija okupuoja Lietuvą
Vokiečių puolimas buvo sulaikytas 1915 m. rudenį Naručio ežero – Daugpilio miesto linijoje. Frontas čia išsilaikė iki 1917 m. Vokiečių armija užėmė visą Lietuvą ir pradėjo šeimininkauti griežtomis karinėmis priemonėmis. Pasikeitė lietuvių nuotaikos. Dauguma ėmė laukti sugrįžtant rusų, pradėjo vokiečių nekęsti ne tik dėl rekvizicijų, dėl visokių pyliavų bei mokesčių, bet ir dėl to, kad vokiečių valdžia su vietos gyventojais elgėsi labai išdidžiai, kartais prasitardami, kad po karo jie lietuvių žemėse įkursią puikius ūkius.
Vokietijos kariuomenės okupuota Lietuva turėjo paklusti karinei okupacinei valdžiai. Visos okupuotos Rusijos imperijos sritys, išskyrus didžiąją lenkų gyvenamų žemių dalį, buvo sujungtos į Vyriausiojo vado Rytuose kraštą, trumpai vadinamą Oberostu. Čia visą valdžią turėjo Vokietijos Rytų fronto vadas. Oberosto kraštas buvo paskirstytas į 6 sritis, tarp kurių buvo Vilniaus, Suvalkų ir Lietuvos sritys. Valdžios aparatą centre ir vietose sudarė vokiečiai. Srities viršininkas su savo apskričių ir valsčių valdininkais bei žandarais sudarė okupacinę valdžią. Vietos gyventojai galėjo būti skiriami tik kaimo seniūnais. 1917 m. kovo mėn. iš minėtų trijų sričių buvo sudaryta viena Lietuvos karinė valdyba, turinti būstinę Vilniuje. Sritys skirstėsi į apskritis, šios – į valsčius, o valsčius apėmė kelias seniūnijas.
Krašto padėtis valdant vokiečiams
Okupantai iš gyventojų stengėsi išgauti kuo daugiau gėrybių. Jos buvo skiriamos Vokietijos ir jos kariuomenės reikalams.
Nuo pat pirmųjų okupacijos dienų buvo pradėtos rekvizicijos, ūkininkai turėjo duoti sunkiai pakeliamas natūrines duokles bei mokėti mokesčius. Buvo įvesta įvairių baudų ir kontribucijų. Vyrams nuo 15 iki 60 metų amžiaus buvo įvestas “pagalvės” mokestis, kuris Rusijoje jau seniai buvo panaikintas. Prasidėjo tiltų ir kitokios rinkliavos. Per visą okupacijos laiką net 5 kartus iš ūkininkų buvo atimami arkliai. Tai skaudžiai paveikė ūkininkų gyvenimą. Sparčiai buvo kertami miškai, o medžiai vežami į Vokietiją. Vokiečiai ypač reikalavo kirsti ąžuolynus. Vyrus gaudė ir vežė dirbti į Vokietiją. Priverstiniams darbams buvo steigiami darbo batalionai, kuriuose žmonės buvo laikomi kaip belaisvių stovyklose.
Okupuotoje Lietuvoje buvo įvesta daug įvairių draudimų. Buvo draudžiama važiuoti į kitą apskritį, be paso išeiti už seniūnijos ribų, laikyti neregistruotus ir neapmokestintus šunis, vaikščioti naktimis po savo kaimą, kepti pyragus, gaminti alų, skersti gyvulius, avižomis šerti arklius ir pan. Net laiškus buvo reikalaujama rašyti tik vokiškai. Vokiečių valdžia griežtai reikalavo laikytis visų draudimų. Be šeimininkų likusius dvarus ėmė valdyti vokiečiai. Ūkininkams buvo uždrausta pardavinėti ar kitaip perleisti savo ūkius kitiems ūkininkams. Trūko būtiniausių prekių, o pasitaikančios buvo brangios. Greitai nuvertėjo Rusijos rubliai, o juos pakeitę Obosto rubliai ir kiek vėliau pasirodžiusios Ostmarkės buvo menkavertės. Visas derlius, išskyrus sėklą ir menką davinį ūkininko šeimai, buvo paimamas. Prekiauti javais, mėsa, daržovėmis, pašaru buvo uždrausta, grasinant kalėjimu. Okupantai griežtai kontroliavo prievolių atlikimą. Sunyko Lietuvos pramonė. Buvo paliktos ir net plečiamos tik tos įmonės, kurios turėjo perdirbti miško medžiagą ir žemės ūkio produktus. Darbo užmokestis buvo menkas. Miestuose buvo įvestos maisto kortelės.
Klausimai
- Kada Lietuvą okupavo vokiečių kariuomenė?
- Kaip okupacija paveikė Lietuvos žemės ūkį, pramonę, prekybą?
- Nurodykite pagrindines priešiškumo vokiečiams priežastis.





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