35. Lietuvių tautinis sąjūdis XIX a. pab.-XX a. pr.

Lietuvos visuomenės pozicija rusų valdžios atžvilgiu

XIX a. septintame dešimtmetyje Lietuvos politiniame ir kultūriniame gyvenime įvyko didelis lūžis – buvo formuojami nauji lietuvių tautos tikslai. Tai buvo susi­ję su naujo, valstiečių kilmės lietuvių inteligentijos sluoksnio susiformavimu.

Lietuvių inteligentija kilo iš pasiturinčių valstiečių. Jos pirmieji atstovai bu­vo Peterburgo ir Maskvos universitetų studentai, išauklėti nebe lenkų tradicijų dvasia (J. Basanavičius, J. Jablonskis, J. Šliūpas, P. Vileišis ir kt.). Šie inteli­gentai nenorėjo pripažinti lietuviais tų, kurie pasisakė prieš gimtąją lietuvių kalbą. Jie ragino apsispręsti: arba būti lietuviu, arba lenku. Lietuviams teko grumtis dėl elementariausių tautos teisių: gimtosios kalbos, tautinės mokyklos, katalikų tikėjimo išpažinimo.

Pirmuosius du dešimtmečius po baudžiavos panaikinimo lietuviai mokėsi gyventi ir dirbti naujomis sąlygomis. Lietuvių inteligentija pirmenybę teikė kultūriniams interesams, ypač tautos dvasios žadinimui. Tarp lietuvių inteligen­tų dar buvo populiarios švietėjų idėjos. Vienintele išeitimi savo tautai jie laikė mokslą, nes jis skleidžia gėrį ir teisingumą.

Lietuvių nelegalios spaudos platinimas

Užsienyje spausdinamos lietuviškos knygos atvirai į Lietuvą patekti negalėjo. Rusų poli­cija ir žandarai visokiais būdais ieškodavo į Lietuvą patenkančios spaudos ir ją naikinda­vo. Svarbiausias veikliosios lietuvių visuo­menės uždavinys buvo platinti tokius spau­dinius.

Pirmaisiais spaudos draudimo dešimtme­čiais aktyviai veikė profesionalūs kontra­bandininkai. Pamažu į tą darbą įsitraukė ir tikrieji knygnešiai. Jie patys gabendavo kny­gas per sieną ir jas platindavo. Dauguma jų dirbo jau ne tik dėl pelno, bet ir dėl idėjos. Kai kurie jų pasienyje įkliūdavo, nemažai žu­vo nuo pasienio sargybinių kulkų.

Spaudos draudimo metais (1864-1904) Lietuvoje nukentėjo apie tūkst. knygnešių. Daugelis jų atsidūrė Sibire. Kaune, įamžinant knygnešių atminimą, prieš Antrąjį pasaulinį karą buvo įrengta “Knygnešių sienelė”. Tamsaus granito plokštėje aukso raidėmis įrašytos 100 daugiausiai nuveikusių knygnešių pavardės. Tarp knygnešių buvo beveik 30 profesijų, luomų žmonės.

Pavienių knygnešių veikla nebuvo darniai organizuota – jie patys gabeno knygas, patys jas platino. Tačiau ilgainiui atsirado įvairių organizacijų, draugi­jų, kurios vertėsi vien tik knygų platinimu. Pirmoji tokia organizacija buvo su­kurta jau 1867 m. vyskupo M. Valančiaus sumanymu. Specialiai jo parašytos religinio turinio knygutės buvo spausdinamos Tilžėje.

Vėliau, kai prie to darbo prisidėjo daugiau inteligentų, ėmė vyrauti platina­mos pasaulietinio turinio knygos. Labiausiai savo veikla išgarsėjo 1894 m. įkurta “Sietyno” draugija, kurią valdžia likvidavo tik 1897 m. Kitos garsios draugijos – “Atgaja”, “Artojų”, Garšvių knygnešių draugija ir kt.

Priešinimasis rusinimui per mokyklas

Caro valdžia svarbiausiu Lietuvoje vykdomos atviros rusinimo politikos įran­kiu laikė pradinę mokyklą. Tačiau norėdama ja pasinaudoti valdžia susidūrė su aktyviu liaudies pasipriešinimu. Valstiečiai neleisdavo savo vaikų, ypač dukte­rų, į valdžios pradines mokyklas, neduodavo pinigų toms mokykloms išlaikyti, stengėsi, kad jų būtų kuo mažiau.

Slaptas lietuvių vaikų mokymas buvo dar viena tautos priešinimosi rusiškai mokyklai forma. Mokymasis gimtąja kalba reiškė nepaklusnumą rusų valdžiai. Vilniaus generalgubernatoriaus pranešimu, 1884-1906 m. Vilniaus ir Kauno gubernijose buvo susekta 330 slaptųjų mokyklų, kuriose mokėsi 2 tūkst. moki­nių. Pagal 1897 m. gyventojų surašymo duomenis 54,2% Lietuvos gyventojų buvo raštingi. Lietuva pagal raštingumą užėmė trečią vietą imperijoje (po Esti­jos ir Latvijos). Slaptųjų mokyklų mokytojai – daraktoriai buvo įvairaus išsila­vinimo, tačiau dažniausiai savamoksliai, patys slaptose mokyklose arba namie šiek tiek skaityti ir rašyti pramokę valstiečiai.

Rusų valdžiai uždarius lietuviškas parapines mokyklas, vyskupas M. Valan­čius griežtai nurodė kunigams mokyti vaikus bažnyčiose. Jam įsakius, kunigai iš tėvų reikalaudavo, kad vaikai, eidami pirmosios išpažinties, mokėtų skaityti. Todėl tėvai arba patys mokė vaikus namie, arba kviesdavo daraktorius, kurie, vaikščiodami po kaimus, juos mokė. Taip vyskupo valia atsirado slaptosios mo­kyklos, turėjusios lemiamą reikšmę tautos atgimimui. Po keliolikos metų, kai naujoji lietuvių inteligentija ėmė leisti lietuviškus laikraščius ir jais žadinti tau­tą, jau buvo kam tuos laikraščius skaityti ir vertinti.

Slaptosios lietuvių periodinės spaudos atsiradimas

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Vincas Kudirka

1883 m. pavasarį Ragainėje išėjo pirmasis lietuviško laikraščio “Aušra” nume­ris. Pirmasis jo redaktorius buvo gydytojas Jonas Basanavičius. Vėliau “Aušra” buvo spausdinama Tilžėje.

Bendriausia laikraščio programa – tautinės savimonės žadinimas. Jo leidėjai (J. Miksas, J. Šliūpas, M. Jankus ir kt.), daug dėmesio skirdami Lietuvos praei­čiai, stengėsi sužadinti tautinę lietuvių savigarbą, savo krašto meilę. Jie pabrėžė lietuvių teisę gyventi taip, kaip gyvena kitos tautos, patiems rūpintis savo ateiti­mi, skatino puoselėti lietuvių kalbą. Laikrašty “Aušra” buvo rašoma, jog tauta gyva tol, kol gyva jos kalba. Jame buvo skelbiama, kad atėjo laikas lietuviui pri­siminti, jog jis privaląs drąsiai jaustis esąs lietuvis – tai teisėta ir garbinga.

1886 m. nustojo eiti “Aušra”. 1889-1905 m. ėjo naujas lietuvių laikraštis “Varpas”. Jį leisti sumanė Vincas Kudirka. Apie “Varpą” susibūrė pasauliečiai inteligentai. Pakilusi tauta sparčiai sąmonėjo ir brendo. Savo spaudą ėmė kurti ir dvasininkija. Varpininkai sau kėlė tokius pat tikslus, kaip ir aušrininkai. Pa­grindinis “Varpo” tikslas – kelti Lietuvos ekonomiką ir kultūrą, ugdyti visuo­menės sąmoningumą. Varpininkai tikėjo, kad tauta iš svetimųjų globos galės išsivaduoti tik ekonomiškai ir kultūriniu atžvilgiu sustiprėjusi. Jų manymu, in­teligentai, patys tautiškai sąmonėdami, privalo sąmoninti ir kitus visuomenės narius, pirmiausia valstiečius. Tautinis sąjūdis turi pamažu įtraukti visus lietu­vius. Tuomet tauta galės siekti politinio tikslo – autonomijos, o vėliau nepri­klausomybės.

Griežtas “Varpo” tonas turėjo stiprinti pasi­priešinimo rusų valdžiai dvasią, kuri pamažu au­go ne tik Lietuvoje. “Varpe” 1899 m. buvo iš­spausdinta V. Kudirkos “Tautiška giesmė”, vėliau tapusi Lietuvos himnu. Nuo 1890 m. “Varpo” lei­dėjai pradėjo leisti dar ir “Ūkininką” – kaimui skirtą laikraštį.

Daugumą lietuvių inteligentų sudarė katalikų dvasininkai. Jie nelabai pritarė ne tik “Aušros”, bet ir “Varpo” krypčiai. 1890 m. pradėtas leisti katalikiškas laikraštis “Žemaičių ir Lietuvos ap­žvalga”. 1896 m. kun. Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas pradėjo leisti nuosaikesnį katalikišką laikraštį “Tėvynės sargas”, skatinusį lietuvius atgimti (ėjo iki 1904 m.). Šiam laikraščiui rūpėjo ir kataliky­bė, ir lietuvybė. Laikraštyje buvo kritikuojamos pastangos, rusinti, smerkiamos kitos valdžios daromos skriaudos.

Pirmosios politinės partijos

Nuo pat tautinio atgimimo laikų Lietuvoje vyravo trys visuomenės politinės srovės. Pagrindinė kova vyko tarp pasauliečių ir katalikų inteligentų. Savas idėjas propagavo socialistai. Lietuvoje socialistai veikė ne tik per tautinio sąjū­džio spaudą. Jie pirmieji ėmė burtis politiniu pagrindu – steigė būrelius, įkūrė partiją.

Pirmoji politinė partija Lietuvoje susikūrė 1896 m. Vilniuje. Susirinkę socia­listų būrelių vadovai įkūrė Lietuvos socialdemokratų partiją (LSDP). Pirmajame suvažiavime dauguma buvo už nepriklausomą, laisvu noru susijungusią federaci­nę respubliką, susidedančią iš Lietuvos, Lenkijos, Latvijos, Gudijos ir Ukrainos.

Į tautinio atgimimo kelią Lietuvos socialdemokratus pasuko 1899 m. iš Peterburgo į Lietuvą grįžę studentai: Steponas Kairys, Vladas Sirutavičius ir Au­gustinas Janulaitis. Šie jaunuoliai per socialdemokratų laikraščius ir raginimus pirmieji pradėjo propaguoti Lietuvos nepriklausomybės idėjas.

1902 m. grupė pasauliečių inteligentų – “Varpo” ir “Ūkininko” artimų ben­dradarbių slaptame suvažiavime nutarė steigti Lietuvių demokratų partiją. Žy­mesni partijos kūrėjai buvo Kazys Grinius, Povilas Višinskis, Jonas Vileišis, Jurgis Šaulys. Partijos programoje buvo pabrėžiama, kad likdama rusų valdžios priespaudoje lietuvių tauta neturės nei teisių, nei laisvės. To meto sąlygomis artimiausiu uždaviniu skelbiamas autonomijos reikalavimas, bet galutiniu sie­kiu deklaruojama Lietuvos nepriklausomybė.

Carizmo politikos krizė

XX a. pr. pakito carizmo tautinė politika. Oficialioje spaudoje pasirodė straips­nių, smerkiančių represijų politiką. Kova dėl spaudos smarkiai išjudino įvairius Lietuvos gyventojų sluoksnius. Praėjo 40 metų, kol Rusijos valdantieji sluoks­niai pagaliau suprato, kad spaudos draudimas buvo klaida, kurią reikia kuo greičiau ištaisyti.

1904 m. gegužės 7 d. caro vyriausybė panaikino lietuvių spaudos draudimą. Tas aktas reiškė lietuvių tautos egzistavimo pripažinimą. Šis rusų valdžios žingsnis buvo svarbus lietuvių tautos laimėjimas: buvo sukurtos palankesnės sąlygos tautinės kultūros raidai. Viena svarbiausių priežasčių, sužlugdžiusių spaudos draudimo politiką, buvo lietuvių inteligentijos leidybinė veikla užsie­nyje ir aktyvi knygnešių kova pačioje Lietuvoje.

Didysis Vilniaus seimas

Didžiausią poveikį lietuvių sąjūdžiui turėjo Rusijos revoliucijos metu 1905 m. gruodžio 4-5 d. Vilniuje įvykęs Lietuvių suvažiavimas, vėliau pavadintas Di­džiuoju Vilniaus seimu. Jame dalyvavo apie du tūkstančius lietuvių ne tik iš Lietuvos, bet ir iš Rusijos, Prūsijos. Seimas priėmė nutarimus, reikalaujančius suteikti Lietuvai plačią autonomiją.

Iš Seimo sugrįžę atstovai ragino valstiečius šalinti rusų policiją, valdinin­kus, mokytojus, neleisti sūnų į rusų kariuomenę. Rusijoje ir Lietuvoje plintant neramumams, rusų valdžia susirūpino kuo greičiausiai nuslopinti revoliucinį sąjūdį ir vėl grąžinti buvusią tvarką. Rusų valdžia taikė griežčiausias bausmes.

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Klausimai

  1. Apibūdinkite įvairių visuomenės sluoksnių reakciją į rusų valdžios politiką.
  2. Kas nulėmė naujo lietuvių inteligentijos sluoksnio formavimąsi?
  3. Kodėl po 1863 m. sukilimo lietuvių veikėjai pirmenybę teikė kultūrai?
  4. Kodėl Katalikų bažnyčia pirmoji pradėjo kovą su rusinimu?
  5. Kodėl pagrindinis naujos lietuvių inteligentijos kovos ginklas buvo lietuviška
    spauda?
  6. Kokie buvo lietuvių pirmųjų politinių partijų tikslai?

Radote klaidą? Pažymėkite tikslią teksto vietą ir spauskite Ctrl+Enter klavišų kombinaciją, norėdami apie ją informuoti.

2019-02-16

123 atsakymų (-ai) į temą "35. Lietuvių tautinis sąjūdis XIX a. pab.-XX a. pr."

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