§ 6. Monarchijos įsitvirtinimas Anglijoje

Rinkėjų papirkinėjimas

Karaliaus valdžia ir parlamentas

Po 1688 m. perversmo Anglijoje buvo smarkiai apribota karaliaus valdžia ir padidėjo parlamento vaidmuo. Nesant rašytinės konstitucijos, valdžios pasidalijimas tarp karaliaus ir parlamento rėmėsi keliais svarbiais įstatymais. Seniausias jų buvo 1215 m. „Didžioji laisvių chartija”, o naujau­sias — 1689 m. „Teisių bilis”. Karalius skirdavo ministrus, aukštuosius valdininkus bei karininkus, tvirtindavo įstaty­mus, kai jiems pritardavo parlamentas.

Parlamentas teoriškai atstovavo visai anglų tautai, bet iš tikrųjų — tik negausiam turtingiausių gyventojų sluoks­niui, ypač stambiesiems žemvaldžiams. Mat balsuoti galė­davo vien asmenys, turintys daug nekilnojamo turto arba piniginių pajamų. Beje, rinkėjais ne visada tapdavo ir tur­tingieji. Vietovių, kurios siųsdavo deputatus į Bendruome­nių rūmus, sąrašas paskutinį kartą buvo peržiūrėtas val­dant karalienei Elžbietai I. Tad naujų miestų gyvento­jams, kad ir kokią nuosavybę turintiems, nebuvo atstovau­jama parlamente. Kita vertus, viduramžiais klestėjusios, o vėliau sunykusios gyvenvietės toliau siuntė deputatus į Ben­druomenių rūmus.

Tokios apytuštės gyvenvietės gavo „supuvusių mieste­lių” vardą. Žinomas atvejis, kai gyvenvietė, kurioje XVIII a. stovėjo vos penki namai ir gyveno vienas asmuo, turintis teisę balsuoti, siųsdavo į Bendruomenių rūmus du deputa­tus. Šis pavyzdys labai jau akivaizdus, tačiau ir apskritai daugiau kaip pusę deputatų rinkdavo vietovės, kuriose bal­suodavo keliolika ar keliasdešimt rinkėjų. Šitokia padėtis sudarė palankias sąlygas įvairiems piktnaudžiavimams.

Rinkėjų balsų pirkimas

Stengdamasis būti išrinktas, kitas kandidatas tiesiog nupirkdavo balsus. Rinkėjai taip įprato gauti pinigų, kad papirkinėjimą laikė visai teisėtu pajamų šaltiniu. Kai kurie kandidatai nemokamai girdydavo savo rinkėjus smuklėse. Papirkinėjimas viešpatavo ir pačiame parlamente. Deputa­tai imdavo kyšius iš prekybos kompanijų, iš pirklių, bankininkų, tiekėjų.

Rinkėjų papirkinėjimas
Rinkėjų papirkinėjimas

Iškelti į viešumą tokius piktnaudžiavimus trukdė tai, kad spauda neturėjo teisės skelbti parlamento posėdžių ata­skaitų. Tačiau rinkimų sistemos ir paties parlamento ydos negalėjo sutrukdyti įsitvirtinti naujai, skirtingai nuo kitų Europos šalių ir pažangesnei valstybės santvarkai.

Korupcija — piktnaudžiavimas valdžia, kyšininkavimas, iždo grobstymas — dar labiau klestėjo beveik visose absoliutinėse monarchijose. Anglijoje, kur jau egzistavo spaudos bei žodžio laisvė, apie korupciją buvo galima viešai ir nebau­džiamai rašyti, nurodyti kaltininkus, juos išjuokti. Partijų politinė kova taip pat sudarė sąlygas išvilkti į dienos šviesą įžūliausius grobstytojus ir kyšininkus, tačiau retas iš jų su­silaukdavo kokios nors bausmės.

Vigai ir toriai

Anglijoje jau XVII a. antroje pusėje atsirado dvi par­tijos— vigai ir toriai. Vieni ir kiti buvo glaudžiai susiję su bajorais žemvaldžiais, tačiau vigai daugiau atsižvelg­davo į turtingųjų miestiečių — pirklių, pramonininkų, ban­kininkų — reikmes, taip pat siekė kuo labiau apriboti ka­raliaus įgaliojimus. Ministrais imta skirti atstovus parti­jos, kuri tuo metu turėdavo daugumą Bendruomenių rū­muose.

Valstybės valdymo pokyčiai XVIII a. pradžioje

XVIII a. pirmoje pusėje karalius nustojo ne tik pirminin­kauti vyriausybės posėdžiams, bet ir juose dalyvauti: būtent dėl tos aplinkybės, jog 1714 m. sostas atiteko karaliui Jur­giui I, Hanoverio kunigaikštystės valdovui vokiečiui. Nei jis, nei jo sūnus Jurgis II gerai nemokėjo angliškai, juos nelabai domino ir valstybės reikalai. Vyriausybės, kurią pradėta va­dinti ministrų kabinetu, veiklai ėmė vadovauti ministras pirmininkas. Jis buvo atsakingas Bendruomenių rūmams: šiems pareiškus nepasitikėjimą, privalėjo su visu kabinetu atsistatydinti. Tiesa, ministras pirmininkas, gavęs karaliaus sutikimą, galėjo paleisti Bendruomenių rūmus ir paskir­ti naujus rinkimus. Taigi vyriausybės likimas priklausė jau ne nuo karaliaus valios, o nuo Bendruomenių rūmų ir kar­tu nuo rinkėjų. Deja, kaip jau minėta, diduma anglų ne­turėjo rinkimų teisės. XVIII a. 7-ame dešimtmetyje prasi­dėjo judėjimas dėl rinkimų sistemos pertvarkymo (reformos). Balsuotojų skaičius nebuvo padidintas, tačiau vis dėlto pa­vyko pasiekti, kad būtų panaikintas draudimas skelbti spaudoje parlamento posėdžių ataskaitas. Apie parlamento veik­lą dabar jau galėjo skaityti laikraščiuose ir spręsti visuomenė.

Sukilimai Škotijoje

XVIII a. Anglijoje vyko ne tik taiki politinė, bet ir gin­kluota kova. Prieš Hanoverio dinastiją du kartus buvo suki­lę Stiuartų šalininkai. Jie siekė pasodinti į sostą Jokūbo II sūnų, o vėliau vaikaitį, gyvenančius emigracijoje Prancūzi­joje ir Italijoje. Labiausiai Stiuartus rėmė Škotija, ir ne vien dėl to, kad Stiuartai buvo tautinė škotų dinastija.

1707 m. buvo pasirašytas susitarimas, pagal kurį Škoti­ja galutinai prarado savarankiškumą. Ji kartu su Anglija sudarė Jungtinę Didžiosios Britanijos karalystę, turinčią bendrą vėliavą, piniginį vienetą, vyriausybę ir parlamentą. Nuo tada Bendruomenių ir Lordų rūmuose posėdžiavo Ško­tijos atstovai, tačiau jie ten sudarė nežymią mažumą. Jung­tinėje Karalystėje škotai buvo tarsi vargingi jaunesnieji bro­liai. Tad jie greitai ėmė reikšti nepasitenkinimą susidariu­sia padėtim ir viltis, kad Stiuartų dinastijos sugrįžimas ją pakeis.

Antrajame iš šių sukilimų (1745 m.) gausiai dalyvavo tiek Škotijos bajorija, tiek skurstantys, bet karingi paprasti kalniečiai. Sukilėlių kariuomenė, prie kurios prisijungė ir negausūs Stiuartų šalininkai pačioje Anglijoje, pasiekė Londono prieigas, bet nesiryžo pulti karalystės sostinės. Po įnir­tingų mūšių sukilėliai buvo sutriuškinti. Škotijoje prasidėjo žiaurus susidorojimas su „maištininkais”. Daugelis škotų ba­jorų buvo nubausta mirtimi, jų žemės konfiskuotos ir išpar­duotos anglams, kalniečiams uždrausta turėti ginklų.

Karalystės valdžia mokyklose stengėsi mokyti kalniečių vaikus angliškai, senoji keltų kalba buvo visaip ujama. Per sunkiai pereinamus kalnus buvo tiesiami keliai, kertami miškai, kuriuose galėjo slapstytis maištininkai. Taigi kita vertus, glaudesni ryšiai su Anglija padėjo sparčiau plėtotis Škotijos ūkiui, augti pramonei bei prekybai. Kraštą veikė didžiuliai ekonominiai pokyčiai, nuo XVIII a. vidurio vyks­tantys pačioje Anglijoje.

Klausimai

  1. Kodėl Anglijos parlamentas atstovavo negausiam gyventojų sluoksniui?
  2. Kodėl Anglijoje klestėjo rinkėjų papirkinėjimas?
  3. Kuo skyrėsi vigų ir torių partijos?
  4. Kokie valstybės valdymo pokyčiai įvyko Anglijoje XVIII a. pradžioje?

Radote klaidą? Pažymėkite tikslią teksto vietą ir spauskite Ctrl+Enter klavišų kombinaciją, norėdami apie ją informuoti.

2019-02-16

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