1831 m. sukilimas Lietuvoje
1830 m. Europą sukrėtė Liepos revoliucija Prancūzijoje. Revoliucija pavergtų tautų judėjimą skatino ir Rusijoje. Caro vyriausybė prie Lenkijos sienų sutelkė kariuomenę, rengdamasi pasiųsti ją į Europą slopinti revoliucijos. Plito kalbos, kad slopinti revoliuciją teks ir Lenkijos kariuomenei. Dėl to būsiąs mobilizuotas jaunimas. Tai ypač paaštrino padėtį.
1830 m. lapkričio mėn. slaptos Lenkijos organizacijos pradėjo sukilimą prieš Rusijos valdžią. Grupė jaunų lenkų armijos karininkų sukėlė maištą ir per vieną naktį iš lapkričio 29 į 30 sugebėjo patraukti į savo pusę Varšuvą. Parlamentas priėmė įstatymą, kuriuo iš rusų caro buvo atimtas Lenkijos Karalystės sostas. Kadangi lenkams Vienos kongreso nutarimu buvo leista turėti ne tik konstituciją, bet ir savo kariuomenę, tai sukilimas virto reguliarių kariuomenės dalinių kova.
Prasidėjus sukilimui Lenkijoje, vis labiau ėmė bruzdėti valstiečiai, ypač žemaičiai. Iš Liepojos į Žemaitiją pradėjo plaukti supirkinėjami ginklai ir šaudmenys, vis dažniau ginkluotos grupės prasiverždavo į Lenkijos karalystę. Vasario 9 d. išėjus rusų valdžios įsakui dėl rekrutų ėmimo vyrai ėmė bėgti į miškus. Ankstyvą 1831 m. pavasarį įsiliepsnojo sukilimas ir Lietuvoje. Sukilėliai nuo caro valdžios išvadavo beveik visą Lietuvą. Didesnės rusų kariuomenės dalys tebuvo likusios Kaune ir Vilniuje. Sukilimo Žemaitijoje slopinti iš Kauno buvo pasiųstas tūkstančio karių dalinys su keturiomis patrankomis. Tačiau sukilėliai privertė jį pasitraukti į Prūsiją. Balandžio mėn. sukilėliai bandė paimti Kauną ir Vilnių, bet tai jiems nepavyko. Iš Lenkijos Lietuvos sukilėlius paremti buvo atsiųstas reguliariosios 12 tūkst. 700 karių dalinys. Jam vadovavo generolai Antanas Gelgaudas ir Dezideras Chlapovskis. Vyriausiasis Lietuvos sukilėlių vadas buvo A. Gelgaudas. Sukilėliai paėmė Kauną ir patraukė į vakarus, o paskui pagrindinės jų jėgos pasuko į Vilnių. Birželio 19 d. miesto pakraštyje, Paneriuose, įvyko mūšis. Sukilėliai, patyrę daug nuostolių, pasitraukė. Jų kariuomenė stengėsi sugrįžti į Lenkiją – maža dalis prasimušė į Varšuvą, o diduma, prispausti prie Prūsijos sienos, ją perėjo, bet buvo sulaikyti ir nuginkluoti. Vienas karininkas, nusivylęs Gelgaudu, jį nušovė.
Tikėdamiesi žadėtos caro amnestijos iš sukilimo pasitraukė dauguma dvarininkų. Žemaitijos centre valstiečiai pakėlė maištą prieš sukilimo vadovybę, sudarytą iš sulenkėjusių bajorų. Sukilėliai bajorai jėga slopino tokius pat sukilėlius valstiečius. Valstiečiai ir Žemaitijos bajorai buvo nepatenkinti sukilimo vadovybe dėl to, kad dauguma bajorų siekė tik vėl susijungti su Lenkija, o apie baudžiavos panaikinimą negalvojo. Kaudamiesi su gausesnėmis rusų kariuomenės jėgomis, prastai ginkluoti, be vieningos vadovybės sukilėliai pralaimėjo visus mūšius. Rudenį caro kariuomenė sukilimą nuslopino, nors vienas kitas sukilėlių būrys miškuose kovojo iki 1832 m. pavasario.
Nuslopinusi sukilimą, rusų valdžia ėmėsi žiaurių veiksmų prieš Lietuvos, ypač Žemaitijos, gyventojus. Ji uždarė daug vienuolynų ir bažnyčių, pastarąsias vertė cerkvėmis. Valstiečiai vėl pajuto baudžiavos sunkumus. Buvo faktiškai panaikinta Lenkijos karalystė, jos kariuomenė, konstitucija. Dauguma jos teritorijos padalyta į gubernijas ir įtraukta į Rusijos imperiją. Lietuva ir Lenkija buvo nuniokotos, daug žmonių žuvo sukilime, o dar daugiau buvo ištremta į Rusijos gilumą. Į ištremtųjų vietas atkelta rusų kolonistų, kurie turėjo tapti caro valdžios atrama. Daugelio sukilime dalyvavusių bajorų dvarai buvo konfiskuoti. Norėdama užgrobtus kraštus priartinti prie Rusijos, rusų valdžia sustabdė Lietuvos Statuto galiojimą (1840 m.). Vietoj jo buvo įvesti rusų įstatymai.
Pasipriešinimas carizmui XIX a. vid.
Sukilimo pralaimėjimas nenutraukė kovos prieš rusų valdžią. Veikė kelios slaptosios organizacijos. Vilniaus medicinos chirurgijos akademijos studentai 1836 m. įkūrė slaptą Pranciškaus Savičiaus vadovaujamą draugiją, vėliau pavadintą Demokratine draugija. Jos programoje akcentuota saviaukla, moralinis tobulėjimas, kova su savivale, luomų lygybė, labdara, religinė tolerancija. 1837 m. draugija susisiekė su Simonu Konarskiu, lenkų emigrantų organizacijos “Jaunoji Lenkija” emisaru. Jis ėmė vienyti Ukrainos, Gudijos, Lietuvos studentų ir bajorų grupes į vieną politinę organizaciją. Ji turėjo parengti naują sukilimą prieš Rusijos valdžią. Tačiau 1838 m. pavasarį sąmokslas buvo susektas. Konarskis, Savičius, kiti studentų lyderiai buvo areštuoti. Po ilgo tardymo karo teismas 26 studentus atidavė į kariuomenę, o Konarskį nuteisė sušaudyti. Bausmė buvo įvykdyta 1839 m. vasario 15d. Vilniuje. Rusų valdžia uždarė Vilniaus medicinos chirurgijos akademiją, o studentus išskirstė po Rusijos universitetus. Tačiau ir toliau kūrėsi naujos slaptosios organizacijos. Pati reikšmingiausia buvo brolių Pranciškaus ir Aleksandro Dalevskių suorganizuota “Lietuvos jaunuomenės brolybės sąjunga”, veikusi 1846-1849 m. ir rengusi naują sukilimą Lietuvoje. Pagrindinis rengiamo sukilimo tikslas buvo išsivaduoti iš rusų priespaudos ir atkurti valstybę, gyvavusią iki 1794 m. Tačiau caro žandarai sukilimo rengėjus susekė ir ištrėmė į Sibirą.
Savita pasipriešinimo forma buvo blaivybės sąjūdis. Lietuvoje girtuokliavimas buvo įsigalėjęs ne tik tarp bajorų, bet ir tarp valstiečių. XIX a. pirmoje pusėje kiekvienas dvaras turėjo savo degtinės varyklą ir po kelias karčiamas. Jos duodavo didžiulį pelną. Tačiau XIX a. vid. popiežiaus Pijaus IX paraginti dvasininkai ėmė skelbti blaivybę. Vyskupo M. Valančiaus pradėtas blaivybės sąjūdis greitai išplito Lietuvoje. Dauguma tikinčiųjų pasižadėjo niekada negerti. Apie 80% Žemaičių vyskupijos gyventojų tapo blaivininkais. Norėdamas išnaikinti visas nuo rusų valdžios nepriklausomas organizacijas, Vilniaus generalgubernatorius Muravjovas blaivybės brolijas uždraudė (1864 m.). Po uždarymo ilgą laiką Lietuvoje nebuvo jokių organizacijų.
1863-1864 m. sukilimas
Pagrindinis sukilimo tikslas buvo politinis – atkurti sužlugdytą Lenkijos-Lietuvos valstybę. Tačiau būta ir kitų sukilimo tikslų. Baudžiavos naikinimo sąlygos nuvylė valstiečius. Jie troško tuoj pat gauti piliečių teises ir nemokamai tuos žemės sklypus, kuriuos dirbo.
1861 m. pab. pradėtas rengti sukilimas. Sukilėliai, kaip ir 1830-1831 m., iškėlė šūkį: “Už mūsų ir jūsų laisvę”. Sukilimo pradžia buvo numatyta 1863 m. pavasarį. Tačiau rusų valdžia pačioje metų pradžioje paskelbė renkanti rekrutus Lenkijoje. Į kariuomenę turėjo būti paimta apie 10 tūkst. lenkų. Rekrutų ėmimas turėjo suardyti sukilimo rengėjų planus ir taip susilpninti patį sukilimą. 1863 m. sausio 22 d. laikoma sukilimo pradžia. Tą dieną Centrinis tautinis komitetas, pasivadinęs Laikinąja tautine vyriausybe, išleido manifestą. Jis paskelbė: valstybingumo atkūrimą, luomų teisių sulyginimą, perdavimą valstiečiams jų naudojamos žemės, feodalinių prievolių panaikinimą. Vasario 1-ąją prie sukilimo prisidėjo ir Lietuvos provincijos komitetas. Kovo mėn. sukilimas prasidėjo Kauno gubernijoje. Pirmasis į kovą stojo kunigo Antano Mackevičiaus vadovaujamas būrys. Sukilimo vadovai nesitikėjo laimėti vien savo jėgomis. Sulaukti paramos buvo tikimasi iš Prancūzijos, Anglijos ir Austrijos. Į Lenkiją ir Lietuvą atvyko keli šimtai savanorių. Pulkininko T. Lapinskio vadovaujami 1863 m. iš Londono buvo gabenami savanoriai ir ginklai. Prie Juodkrantės juos užklupo audra. Laivas, nepasiekęs tikslo, pasuko į Švediją. Sukilėliai aktyviausi buvo 1863 m. kovo vid.-liepos mėn. Apie pusę sukilėlių sudarė bajorai, apie trečdalį valstiečiai, kitą dalį miestiečiai ir dvasininkai.
Sukilimui slopinti caras atsiuntė apie 200 tukst. kariuomenę, vadovaujamą generolo M. Muravjovo. Dėl žiauraus elgesio slopinant sukilimą jis buvo pramintas Koriku. Sukilimas rusų valdžios dokumentuose niekinamai vadinamas “maištu,” sukilėliai – “nusikaltėliais”, sukilėlių būriai – “gaujomis”. Kovo pab. į Lietuvą atvyko karininkas Zigmas Sierakauskas. Jis ėmė vadovauti sukilėliams. Raguvos miškuose prie Z. Sierakausko prisijungė A. Mackevičiaus vadovaujamas būrys. Gegužės 7-9 d. sukilėliai kovėsi su rusų kariuomene prie Biržų. Kautynėse buvo sužeistas, paimtas į nelaisvę ir Vilniuje pakartas Z. Sierakauskas. Liepos vid. Laikinosios tautinės vyriausybės komisaro postas teko K. Kalinauskui. Organizuotas sukilimas baigėsi tik 1864 m. vasario 10d. suėmus K. Kalinauską ir po mėnesio jį pakorus Vilniuje, dabartinėje Lukiškių aikštėje.
Pirmiausia iš sukilimo ėmė trauktis dvarininkai, nesulaukę Prancūzijos ir kitų Vakarų Europos valstybių paramos ir pamatę, kad sukilimas pralaimi. Sekdama jų pavyzdžiu Katalikų bažnyčios vadovybė taip pat paragino sukilėlius padėti ginklus. Kaip carui rašė Kauno gubernatorius, iš viso gubernijoje buvo apie 15 tūkst. sukilėlių. Jų būriuose iš viso kovėsi 77 tūkst. sukilėlių.
Sukilimo padariniai buvo prieštaringi. Dauguma skaudūs ir tragiški: apribota Katalikų bažnyčios ir jos dvasininkų veikla, represijomis slopinamas tautinis judėjimas, uždrausta visų draugijų veikla, uždrausta spauda lotyniškomis raidėmis, iš mokyklų ir įstaigų pašalinta lietuvių kalba, kraštą užplūdo rusakalbiai stačiatikybę išpažįstantys valdininkai ir kolonistai.
Kita vertus, rusų valdžia padarė nuolaidų valstiečiams: panaikintas lažas, palikti apytiksliai iki reformos turėti žemės sklypai, sudarytos palankesnės sąlygos kapitalizmo raidai kaime, sumažintos piniginės prievolės ir žemės kaina.
Klausimai
- Kokios buvo 1830-1831 m. sukilimo priežastys?
- Kaip Lietuvos visuomenė priešinosi caro valdžiai, nuslopinus 1831 m. sukilimą?
- Kodėl po baudžiavos panaikinimo toliau bruzdėjo valstiečiai, stiprėjo politinis gyventojų aktyvumas?
- Kokie buvo 1831 m. ir 1863 m. sukilimų padariniai?
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