40. Lietuva vokiečių okupacijos metais

Lietuva pirmojo pasaulinio karo pradžioje

Kai Vokietija paskelbė karą Rusijai, rusų kariuomenė buvo telkiama Lietuvos – Vokietijos pasienyje. Lietuvoje buvo vykdoma skubota mobilizacija, pradėti rekvizuoti arkliai ir vežimai, o svarbiausia – maistas, reikalingas kariuomenei.

Netrukus prasidėjo ir karo veiksmai. Per Lietuvą Rusijos kariuomenė traukė į Prūsiją. Rugpjūčio pab. Rusijos kariuomenė įsiveržė į Rytprūsius, bet patyrė didelį pralaimėjimą. Rytprūsiuose buvo apsuptos ir sunaikintos dvi rusų armi­jos. Tos tragedijos metu Rytprūsiuose ir Mozūrų pelkėse žuvo daug kareivių iš Lietuvos. Rusijos kariuomenėje buvo per 60 tūkst. lietuvių. Įvairiose Lietuvos pasienio vietose vyko Rusijos ir Vokietijos kariuomenių susirėmimai.

1915 m., patyrusi pralaimėjimą Prūsijoje, Rusijos kariuomenė ėmė trauktis iš Lietuvos. Netrukus svarbesnės įmonės, valdžios įstaigos, vidurinės mokyklos buvo pradėtos evakuoti į Rusijos gilumą. Apie 300 tūkst. Lietuvos gyventojų pasitraukė drauge su rusų kariuomene arba buvo jos prievarta išsivaryti. Pabė­gėliai lietuviai didelėmis kolonijomis įsikūrė įvairiose Rusijos vietovėse, dau­giausia Voroneže, Tambove, Jaroslavlyje, Petrograde, Maskvoje.

Vokietija okupuoja Lietuvą

Vokiečių puolimas buvo sulaikytas 1915 m. rudenį Naručio ežero – Daugpilio miesto linijoje. Frontas čia išsilaikė iki 1917 m. Vokiečių armija užėmė visą Lietuvą ir pradėjo šeimininkauti griežtomis karinėmis priemonėmis. Pasikeitė lietuvių nuotaikos. Dauguma ėmė laukti sugrįžtant rusų, pradėjo vokiečių ne­kęsti ne tik dėl rekvizicijų, dėl visokių pyliavų bei mokesčių, bet ir dėl to, kad vokiečių valdžia su vietos gyventojais elgėsi labai išdidžiai, kartais prasitarda­mi, kad po karo jie lietuvių žemėse įkursią puikius ūkius.

Vokietijos kariuomenės okupuota Lietuva turėjo paklusti karinei okupacinei valdžiai. Visos okupuotos Rusijos imperijos sritys, išskyrus didžiąją lenkų gy­venamų žemių dalį, buvo sujungtos į Vyriausiojo vado Rytuose kraštą, trumpai vadinamą Oberostu. Čia visą valdžią turėjo Vokietijos Rytų fronto vadas. Oberosto kraštas buvo paskirstytas į 6 sritis, tarp kurių buvo Vilniaus, Suvalkų ir Lietuvos sritys. Val­džios aparatą centre ir vietose su­darė vokiečiai. Srities viršininkas su savo apskričių ir valsčių valdi­ninkais bei žandarais sudarė oku­pacinę valdžią. Vietos gyventojai galėjo būti skiriami tik kaimo se­niūnais. 1917 m. kovo mėn. iš minėtų trijų sričių buvo sudaryta viena Lietuvos karinė valdyba, turinti būstinę Vilniuje. Sritys skirstėsi į apskri­tis, šios – į valsčius, o valsčius apėmė kelias seniūnijas.

Krašto padėtis valdant vokiečiams

Okupantai iš gyventojų stengėsi išgauti kuo daugiau gėrybių. Jos buvo skiria­mos Vokietijos ir jos kariuomenės reikalams.

Nuo pat pirmųjų okupacijos dienų buvo pra­dėtos rekvizicijos, ūkininkai turėjo duoti sun­kiai pakeliamas natūrines duokles bei mokėti mokesčius. Buvo įvesta įvairių baudų ir kontribucijų. Vyrams nuo 15 iki 60 metų amžiaus bu­vo įvestas “pagalvės” mokestis, kuris Rusijoje jau seniai buvo panaikintas. Prasidėjo tiltų ir kitokios rinkliavos. Per visą okupacijos laiką net 5 kartus iš ūkininkų buvo atimami arkliai. Tai skaudžiai paveikė ūkininkų gyvenimą. Sparčiai buvo kertami miškai, o medžiai veža­mi į Vokietiją. Vokiečiai ypač reikalavo kirsti ąžuolynus. Vyrus gaudė ir vežė dirbti į Vokieti­ją. Priverstiniams darbams buvo steigiami darbo batalionai, kuriuose žmonės buvo laikomi kaip belaisvių stovyklose.

Okupuotoje Lietuvoje buvo įvesta daug įvairių draudimų. Buvo draudžiama važiuoti į kitą apskritį, be paso išeiti už seniūnijos ribų, laikyti neregistruotus ir neapmo­kestintus šunis, vaikščioti naktimis po savo kaimą, kepti pyragus, gaminti alų, skersti gyvulius, avižomis šerti arklius ir pan. Net laiškus buvo reikalaujama rašyti tik vokiškai. Vokiečių valdžia griežtai reikalavo laikytis visų draudimų. Be šeimininkų likusius dvarus ėmė valdyti vokiečiai. Ūkininkams buvo už­drausta pardavinėti ar kitaip perleisti savo ūkius kitiems ūkininkams. Trūko bū­tiniausių prekių, o pasitaikančios buvo brangios. Greitai nuvertėjo Rusijos rub­liai, o juos pakeitę Obosto rubliai ir kiek vėliau pasirodžiusios Ostmarkės buvo menkavertės. Visas derlius, išskyrus sėklą ir menką davinį ūkininko šeimai, bu­vo paimamas. Prekiauti javais, mėsa, daržovėmis, pašaru buvo uždrausta, gra­sinant kalėjimu. Okupantai griežtai kontroliavo prievolių atlikimą. Sunyko Lie­tuvos pramonė. Buvo paliktos ir net plečiamos tik tos įmonės, kurios turėjo perdirbti miško medžiagą ir žemės ūkio produktus. Darbo užmokestis buvo menkas. Miestuose buvo įvestos maisto kortelės.

Klausimai

  1. Kada Lietuvą okupavo vokiečių kariuomenė?
  2. Kaip okupacija paveikė Lietuvos žemės ūkį, pramonę, prekybą?
  3. Nurodykite pagrindines priešiškumo vokiečiams priežastis.

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2016-07-28

91 atsakymų (-ai) į temą "40. Lietuva vokiečių okupacijos metais"

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